America Has Been Named The Melting Pot Of The World. It Houses Many Di

America has been named the melting pot of the world. It houses many different cultures, nationalities, ideas and religions. There are Christians, Jews, Catholics, Buddhists, Mormons, Hindus, Spiritualists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Islamics, plus many more. America is unique in that all these religions are represented in a nation that is only 200 years old. And America has upheld, throughout history, that the freedom and equality of religion is extremely important in order for this nation to function as a free nation. The foundations of America were set as a result of England's persecution; more specifically, England's religious persecution. The colonists wanted to create a nation that allowed people to be free. They desired to speak what they wanted to speak, do what they wanted to do, and practice what they wanted to practice... without the government watching their every move. Thus came religious freedom. The First Amendment to the Constitution states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, meaning that an American citizen would be able to practice his or her religion without any intervention or persecution from the government, be it Islam, Judism, Mormonism or Catholicism. Yet, with religious freedom, comes important questions concerning its existence. Is religious equality just as important as all the other freedoms... such as the freedom of speech, the freedom of press, the freedom to assemble, and others as well? The answer here is yes. If this nation truly stands for freedom, the American government cannot say that its citizens have the right to speak freely, write freely, or assemble freely, but then maintain an established national religion. That would be contradictory, and would not make America any better off than England, which it had separated from just years beforehand. Certainly, all the freedoms are equal. On the other hand, unlike the other freedoms mentioned, religious freedom addresses a different type of need. It addresses the concept of personal fulfillment, or perhaps, self-realization. Religion attempts to give answers to basic questions: From where did the world come? What is the meaning of human life? Why do people die and what happens afterward? Why is there evil? How should people behave? As a word religion is difficult to define, but as a human experience it seems to be universal. The 20th-century German-born American theologian, Paul Tillich, gave a simple and basic definition of the word: Religion is ultimate concern. This means that religion includes that to which people are most devoted or that from which they expect to get the most satisfaction in life. Consequently, religion provides adequate answers to the basic afore mentioned questions. Religion is, undoubtedly, a very important part of life. The second question regarding freedom of religion discusses which aspect of religion should be considered equal: the structure or substantive content of religion, or the individual conscience of that religion. Because of the diversity and impact that religion has in the lives of Americans, the individual conscience should be treated as equal, not the structure or substantive content of the various religions. No two religions are alike, just as no two people are alike. The government cannot make all religions equal in regards to their individual structure and/or practices because the individual practices are what make each religion unique; appealing to the individual conscience. If all religions had to be equal in practice, we would have Buddhists saying Hail Mary's, or Christians bowing to Allah. Perhaps Catholics would wear orange robes and have shaved heads, and Hare Krishna's could sing music out of the Protestant Psalter Hymnal. This would defeat the whole purpose of allowing fre edom of religion in the first place. Religion must be able to differ in structure and substantive content. People must be able to practice their own religion in the way they want to... and this cannot happen if all religions in America are made equal in structure and practice. The individual conscience in a certain religion, however, must be treated the same as any other religion. A Christian conscience must be treated the same as that of a Buddhist conscience. A Catholic conscience must be treated the same as that of a Mormon conscience, and so on. One cannot discriminate against a religion

Cover Letter Example

Cover Letter Example Here is an example cover letter written in response to an advertisement in the newspaper. Before taking a look at the letter, read through the cover letter tips and useful key phrases to use in your own cover letters. Tips for Writing Cover Letters Always refer to the exact position for which you are applying.  Refer to how you found the position.Point out those aspects of your career which you feel are especially important.Dont point out too many of your qualifications. Youve enclosed your resume for that purpose.  Refer in a positive way to a future interview. Dont be shy about stating that youll follow-up.   Referring to the Position I am writing to you in response to your advertisement for...I would like to apply for the position of ...Im interested in applying for ... Pointing Out Important Qualifications As you can see from my enclosed resume, my experience and qualifications match this positions requirements.I would like to point out... immediately upon his return.During ...., I improved (furthered, extended, etc.) my knowledge of...,I was responsible for ... Referring to Future Interview I look forward to an opportunity to speak with you in person.  I look forward to speaking with you personally.  I look forward to discussing how I can ... Cover Letter Example 2520 Vista AvenueOlympia, Washington 98501April 19, 2001 Mr. Bob Trimm, Personnel ManagerImporters Inc.587 Lilly Road Dear Mr. Trimm: I am writing to you in response to your advertisement for a Legal Assistant specializing in Port Regulatory Law, which appeared in the Seattle Times on Sunday, June 15. As you can see from my enclosed resume, my experience and qualifications match this positions requirements. I especially would like to point out that I graduated Cum Laude from The University of Tacoma and was hired directly upon graduation due to my expertise in port authority regulations. During the four years that I worked for Shoreman and Co., I further deepened my knowledge of the fast-changing regulatory laws in our state. My employer also thought highly enough of my abilities to promote me to head legal researcher after my first year of employment. I look forward to an opportunity to personally discuss the position with you. I will call you within the next five days to arrange an interview. Sincerely, Kenneth Beare Enclosure:

Ethics and Wealth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics and Wealth - Essay Example Those who own wealth do so area under discussion to a communal mortgage, so to speak. And, in the Catholic social tradition, the lien is held by an authority senior than that of any bank. If wealth is produced by contributing with others in the application of advancing knowledge to further the common good, then its creation does not produce scarceness, but profusion. The significant scope here is contribution and instrumentation. The production of wealth ought to support contribution, not prohibiting; profusion, not scarceness. Wealth is a tool, certainly not an end in itself. Its societal conclusion is communal justice and, "communal justice is essentially communal participation--not only access to the distribution of material goods but also to the very process of wealth creation" (Simona Beretta, pp. 137-38). According to Adam Smith the Creation of wealth includes the four factors of production that are land, labor, capital and organization. The ethical part related to land is that whether the land or resources which are owned by the owner is fairy inherited or owned. There shouldn't be illegal act for obtaining the resource for production of wealth. For example people prepare illegal papers to show ownership of the land and claim to be the owner of such land which doesn't belong to them. This is unethical part. Generally la Generally labor is the mental or physical work which is done for the sake of reward. Ethical part in this factor is that the mental or physical work done to create money should be acceptable by the society and its norms and values. For example the burglars do unethical physical work to create or to produce money. Ethically production of wealth includes labors working in restaurants, shopping malls, hospitals etc. Creation of wealth also includes the capital and organization. Capital is the manmade resource which could be used by the organization to produce goods and services. Now ethics has to do much with it. The capital employed to earn profit is the right of every organization but again it should not commit such illegal actions to earn profit which are not tolerated by the society.Reflection on the Catholic tradition on wealth Robert Kennedy, in "Wealth Creation within the Catholic Social Tradition," indicates the past of Catholic philosophy on wealth from its scriptural sources to the present encyclicals. In this institution, wealth is evaluated ethically in light of the human profession. The resources of the earth are destined to please our desires in society and to create genuine profusion, but they can easily divert us from idol and turn out to be a nuisance to both wealthy and deprived. For example the production of such medicines which are off low quality and can affect the health of the consumer. This is not ethical way to produce wealth. It takes us towards materialistic approach and away from God .Organizations should be careful to avoid unethical activities to create wealth. Role of ethics in distribution of wealth: "Wealth is the same as manure. If you pile it all in one place, you burn the plants under

Client Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Client Letter - Essay Example However, on the flip side, there is an advantage that de loan payment is tax deductible and that means that the corporation ends up savings on its tax burden as the progressing payment are made. Given above considerations, the issue is which of the two, debt financing and equity capital in relation to the new corporation; it is advisable to use equity for capital formation. This choice would reduce the risks for the corporation given that it is a new venture. Since the corporation is venturing in a new territory, it is advisable to consider the high risk involved as well as the tax obligations. In this respect, equity capital formation is advised because the corporation will not be in the hook in case of failure. It also offers a flexible payment regime for the corporation .On the same note; the choice would have a positive attribute to the new venture if it is able to acquire investors. That would boost the chances of future prospects for the

Summary of Choosen Article (3-5 paragrphs) Research Paper

Summary of Choosen Article (3-5 paragrphs) - Research Paper Example In 1998 to 2000, 263 gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred and only 3 were a consequence of rotavirus. The main predisposing factor is unhygienic conditions. Prevention is through disinfection of environmental surfaces especially those contaminated with fecal matter (â€Å"Notes from the field,† 2011). In relation to the epidemiological triangle (agent, host, and environment) human acts as the reservoir for rotavirus is. The virus is transmitted through ingestion of fecal matter or fomites. Environment wise, the virus is found in temperate regions. The virus is transmitted through indirect contact since it enters the body through ingestion. Host factors that increase the chances of contacting the rotavirus include age whereby the most vulnerable are young children who have increased exposure to the virus. Additionally, the old people living in care home are at a risk (Anderson & Weber, 2004; (â€Å"Notes from the field,† 2011). The level of immunity affects the risk of infection. The old people and young children have low immunity and are at higher risk of contracting rotavirus. Additionally immune-deficient people have higher chances of contracting the virus. The low infection rates in adults as compare to children shows overall protective immunity is important in preventing infections. Pre-existing conditions that may increase the rotavirus infection include poor hygiene among residents and or staff in retirement home and care homes. Health Behaviors that can be used to prevent the disease include vaccinations and isolation. Moreover, proper hand washing is crucial in rotavirus infection and outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis (â€Å"Notes from the field,† 2011). The external conditions and influences affecting the spread of rotavirus include the waste disposal techniques. Biologically, use of disinfectants helps in elimination of the virus

Guccis Marketing Strategy

Guccis Marketing Strategy Critically contrast the key elements of Guccis marketing strategy to its closest competitor. Justify why you have chosen this company as Guccis closest competitor. Guccis focus on Heritage, craftsmanship and philanthropy: Prada a close competitor. With over 7,000 direct employees across the world, I believe we should all see ourselves as custodians of the Gucci brand—a brand that was here before all of us and one that will survive all of us. The long lasting values of the brand ultimately inform and guide every decision we make and they also inspire all of us along the way. -Patrizio di Marco: President and CEO, Gucci (Interbrand, 2009a) Renowned for its Italian craftsmanship, Gucci was founded in 1921 in Florence. ‘Over 90 years Gucci has built a heritage of exclusivity, attention over quality and style, the Made in Italy label, innovation and craftsmanship (PPR, 2010b, pp 46) and is one of the ‘worlds most desired luxury fashion brands (Nielsen Company, 2007). The Brand was highly successful in the 1950s as it became the status brand for Hollywood film stars and European royalty. However, by 1980s Gucci lost its appeal and significant losses were made in the business (Jackson and Haird, 2003). Domenico de Soles financial acumen and Tom Fords creativity transformed Gucci as a successful brand in the 1990s. In 1999 Pinault-Printemps-Redoute purchased the controlling stake and owned Gucci. With the departure of Tom Ford and De Sole, Frida Gianini took the control in 2005. Globalisation helps the evolving luxury market to expand. Factors like growing consumer expectations, clear brand positioning, pursuit for authenticity, exclusivity, differentiation contribute to intensify the competition between luxury brands with high ‘aspirational values (Baker and Sterenberg, 2003). Gucci is among the top 10 luxury brands considering brand value in the latest survey by Interbrand. In the array of luxury market Gucci competes with brands like Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Hermes, Prada, Burberry, Ferragamo, Dior, Dolce Gabbana, Versace, etc. Interbrand Leading Luxury Brands 2009 Rankings: The top 15 Luxury Brands. (Interbrand, 2009d) 2009 Rank 2008 Rank 2007 Rank Brand Country of Origin Sector 2008 Brand Value ($m) 2009 Brand Value ($m) Change in Brand Value in 2008 Change in Brand Valuein 2009 16 16 17 France Luxury 21,602 21,120 6% -2% 41 45 46 Italy Luxury 8,254 8,182 7% -1% 59 60 58 France Luxury 6,355 6,040 9% -5% 70 76 73 France Luxury 4,575 4,598 8% 1% 87 91 94 Italy Luxury 3,585 3,530 9% -2% 98 New United Kingdom Luxury 3,095 New* 99 New United States Luxury 3,094 New* Interbrand Best Global Brands rankings. (Interbrand, 2009d). In order to sustain in the competitive luxury market and define a clear brand positioning and maintain it, brands adopt innovative marketing strategies. The Marketing mix tools like the traditional 4 Ps: product, price, promotion and place along with recently added people, process and physical evidence propel the decisions in direction of the market success. Brands need to provide right product, at right price, in right place and at right promotion in order to match the consumer needs and demands. Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Hermes, Chanel, Prada are in close competition. In order to create an emotional attachment between brands and consumers, brands try to convey an image and personality that customer aspires to. Louis Vuitton has been a ‘byword for stylish elegance and sophistication (Louis vuitton, 2009). Gucci is perceived as smart, sexy, modern whereas Prada has an image of modern, trendy yet sophisticated. Chanel is very classic and elegant. Also, Chanel and Louis Vuitton were founded in France and Gucci and Prada in Italy. According to the Interbrand survey for Italys most valuable brands Gucci Ranked first (6,388 million euro) followed by Prada (2,775 million euro). Guccis pricing strategy in 1993 positioned itself below Hermes and Chanel and at par with Prada and Louis Vuitton (Kwak, 2001). Gucci and Pradas product lines include leather goods, ready-to-wear, jewellery, footwear, silks, timepieces, eyewear, skincare, home decor and fragrances. Louis Vuitton has the categories which Gucci has, although Louis Vuitton indulges even in writing instruments and textiles besides Chanel extends into sport accessories .Gucci products are sold in 283 directly operated stores at end of 2009 and in selected ‘departmental stores as well as specialist stores (PPR, 2010b). Intending to accelerate the growth of brand, Prada stated to double the number of directly operating stores in 2007. Considering Guccis 2009 revenue breakdown by geographical area, maximum revenue was from Asia- Pacific region while Europe which includes fashion forward London, Paris and Milan contribute almost equal to Japan. Breakdown of 2009 revenue by product category Breakdown of 2009 revenue by geographical area(PPR- Gucci: Gucci Group ,2010a) Gucci Chanel Prada Louis Vuitton Year of establishment 1921 1909 1913 1854 Country of origin Italy France Italy France Known for Leather goods Fashion and perfumes Leather goods Leather goods and Luggage bags Current Designer Frida Giannini Karl Lagerfeld Miuccia Prada Marc Jacob Product categories Ready-to-wear, canvas and leather goods, bags, footwear, fine jewellery, fragrances, eyewear, watches, travel and business bags, home dà ©cor , etc. Ready-to-wear, fragrances, make-up skincare, eyewear, hats, leather goods, sports accessories, fine jewellery, etc. Ready-to-wear, Nylon bags, leather goods, footwear, Fine jewellery, eyewear, fragrances, travel and luggage bags, Prada phones, etc Ready-to-wear, leather goods, travel bags, footwear, bags, eyewear, watches, writing instruments, home goods, textiles, city guides ,etc. Ad campaign theme Forever now , Spring Summer 2010 Spring Summer 2010= First Spring and lookbook Spring Summer 2010 Store locations Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Middle East, North America, South America. Has 283 Directly operated stores. Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, South America, Oceania. Asia, Middle East, Far east, Europe, North America, South America. Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Middle East, North America, South America. Comparison of brands on basic criteria. Louis Vuitton and Chanels brand image differentiates them from Italian brands like Gucci and Prada which target towards a similar target market which is modern and fashion conscious. Gucci and Prada indulge into similar product lines and pricing levels getting them into closer competition. In 1990s during revamping the brand image of Gucci an important decision made was to develop a strategy expressing Gucci has changed. ‘Brand communication plays a vital role in redrawing the image (Jackson and Shaw, 2006). During the recession competitor brands are trying to be more distinctive. Chairman and CEO Gucci, Patrizio di Marco and his team adopted the strategy to strengthen and fine tune its positioning in the luxury goods market by focusing on its heritage and craftsmanship stressing on balanced brand equity in marketing and communication (PPR, 2010b). It also included cost cutting, adjustments to pricing, global store designs concept and structure simplification. As per Interbrands report 2009b, among global luxury brands, Prada spends highest in marketing and advertising and continued to invest more in social and cultural initiatives, brand extensions and communication. Important factors that help in building brand image. (Moore and Britwistle, 2005) Image no.1 : Louis vuitton spring summer 2010 Image no.2: Prada Lookbook 2010. (The Fashion time Magazine, 2010) (AMO, 2010) Image no.3 : Chanel Spring Summer 2010 Image no.4 : Gucci Spring Summer 2010 ad Ad campaign. campaign. (Bang Jaslyn, 2010) (Gucci, 2010a) Advertising which is guided by current market scenario and competitive environment, helps in communicating and building brand image as it creates powerful image and message to gain customers attention (Jackson and Shaw, 2009, pp.161). Luxury brands communicate their values and aura to the consumers to prove experience through images that operate on aesthetic and expressionist level (Salzer-Mà ¶rling and Strannegard, 2004). Visually stimulating Guccis Spring summer 2010 campaign focuses on sensuality with modernity and Pradas Lookbook 2010 displays uniqueness and creativity. Guccis Ad campaign ‘Forever now launched in 2010 depicts the importance of connecting past and present. The campaign uses images from 1950s focuses on heritage and craftsmanship. Gucci focusing on tradition introduced an Artisan Corner an event where houses skilled artists will travel to Guccis VIP stores where the craftsmanship will be brought to customers sight. Similarly, Pradas film ad campaign 2010 titled ‘First Spring shot by Chinese artist in Shanghai depicts the tension between the straight and gay tensions of silent intimacy (James, 2010). However, the black and white effect of the video takes us into flashback and it depicts that anything is possible in timeless and dreamlike realm. Louis Vuittons ad campaign is inspired from new age traveller, while Chanels countryside rural chic look ad campaign displays beauty and elegance. Image no. 5 : Guccis ‘Forever now ad campaign 2010(Gucci ,2010b) Image no. 6: Pradas 2010 ad campaign ‘First Spring. (Fashioning.com, 2010) Prada attempts to spread a social message to reduce tensions between straight and gay people. Also, Prada signed PETAs campaign in 2007 to ban cruelty against animals and eliminate fur usage from fashion. Gucci and UNICEF partnership began in 2005, since then Gucci consistently support education and healthcare programmes for orphans and HIV/AIDS affected children. Gucci embraces philanthropy taking new initiatives and ad campaigns to support the partnership like specially designed accessories collection, White Tattoo Heart collection (2008) featuring Rihanna in its campaign, Book ‘ Snowman in Africa, fundraising event with Madonna, ‘Gucci for UNICEF Baboushka bag etc. Professor John Fernie said ‘Alliance between charity n business is the perfect way to build brand awareness and establish brand credibility and ultimately boost profits, (McDougall, 2006). As metioned on philanthrpohy section of Guccis official website, Gucci in collaboration with the Film Foundation h as made travelling screening movie of the restored movies to save the treasures in cinemas called ‘Cinema Visionaries. Proceeding in 2010, to increase online presence and reach online customers, brands are delving into digital communication. Brand affiliation is aided by the application of appropriate functionality tools (Okonkwo, 2007). Focusing on innovation Gucci launched lifestyle application for iPhone and iPod touch. Guccis application offers access to products, fashion shows, playlists, city guides, news, ability to compose own music etc. Prada launched Prada phones in collaboration with LG in 2007. The LG designed Prada phone incorporates features like video player, high pixel camera and MP3 player. Chanel also has application on iPhone which shows Chanels runway collections. Image No. 7: Gucci application for iPhone. Image No. 8: LG designed Prada Phone. (Gucci news, 2010) (Mossesgeld, 2007) Luxury atmosphere, aesthetics and appealing luxury stores reflect the brand personality and spread the brand message into the subconscious and psychological levels on a consumer mind (Okonkwo, 2007). Following the strategic concept of global store design by Creative Director Frida Giannini ,Gucci is renovating its stores to embrace the luxurious experience of shopping which complements the brands heritage and exclusivity. In October, 2009 Gucci launched a travelling sneaker store in New York which will later move to London and Tokyo in spring 2010. Similarly proving its exclusiveness, Prada took a radical approach towards the store architecture through Prada Epicenter which communicates a distinct identity into customers mind which is in quest for something new. Image no. 9: Gucci Sloane street, London Store renovated under the Global store design concept. (WallPaper, 2010) Image no.10: Prada Epicenter (Herzog de Muron,2003). [Accessed on 14 November 2009] With Economic downturn, it is highly important for brands to provide distinctive experience to consumers. Brands are striving to create a brand image congruent to the customers image (Aaker and Biehl, 1993) and meet customer needs and demands. Gucci has adopted the strategy to be true to its long lasting values and expand its presence, tune its brand image and positioning by emphasising on the rich 90 years history, heritage and core essence of the brand into its marketing and brand communication coinciding with ‘modernity and aspirational values (Gucci, 2010a). Brands like Prada are using tactful strategies focusing on parameters like timeless, authenticity, social values and culture. Louis Vuitton differentiates its customers through its brand image, brand values in terms of turnover and advertising. Chanel though is close to Gucci considering turnover it targets a more elegant, sophisticated target. Hence, Prada is the closest competitor to Gucci by comparing them on brand c ommunication like advertising, philanthropy and an attempt to standout in the terms of store designs. REFERANCES : Aaker, D. (1991), Managing Brand Equity, The Free Press, New York, NY. Aaker, D. and Biehl A. (1993), Brand Equity and Advertising, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. Baker, M., Foy,A,( 2003) Business and Management Research. United Kingdom : Westburn Publishers Ltd. Baker, M., Sterenberg, G. ( 2003) Managing global brands to meet consumer expectations. ESOMAR ,Global Cross-Industry Forum, Research International Qualitatif, December 2003. Barnes James G. (2003) Establishing meaningful customer relationships: why some companies and brands mean more to their customers. Managing Service quality, Vol. 13(3) pp. 178-186. Campbell, C. , Falk, P. (1997) : The Shopping Experience . London: Sage Publications, pp : 67-73, 166-72. Chadha, R. , Husband, P. (2006) The cult of the Luxury Brand- Inside Asias Love Affair with Luxury. London Nicolas Brealey International , pp.25-63, 149, 178, 267-77,280. Crask, M.R., Laskey, H.A. ( 1990), A positioning-based decision model for selecting advertising messages,Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 30 No.4, pp.32-8. 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Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.15-25, 30-37, 132-67, 173-78, 220-23, 260, 278-83, 310. PPR ( 2010a) Gucci: Gucci Group [Internet]. Available from file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/gucci%201/PPR%20-%20Gucci.htm> [Accessed on 10 March 2010] PPR (2010b) PPR 2009 Financial Document [ Internet]. Available from http://www.ppr.com/front__sectionId-43_Changelang-en.html> [Accessed on 8th March 2010] Preiholt, H.,Hagg, C. (2006) Growth opportunities in Luxury goods and real estate. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 10 (1),pp114-119. Salzer- Mà ¶rling, M., Strannegard, L. (2004) Silence of the brands. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 38 (1/2) pp. 224-238. Schmitt, B. (1999) Experiential Marketing- How to get customers to Sense, Feel, think, act, relate. New York, The Free Press, pp.72-6. Triplett, T. (1994), â€Å"Brand personality must be managed or it will assume a life of its own†, Marketing News, Vol. 28 No. 10, p. 9. Unknown ( 2009) From Prada to Zara: is the global recession out of fashion. Strategic Direction, Vol. 25(3), pp 9-11. IMAGE REFERANCES : Image no.1 : The Fashion Time magazine (2010)Louis vuitton spring summer 2010- Louis Vuitton Spring/Summer 2010 ad campaigb :Lara Stone by Steven [Online Image]. Available from http://www.thefashiontime.com/2009/12/louis-vuitton-springsummer-2010-ad-campaign-lara-stone-by-steven-meisel/> [Accessed on 12th March 2010] Image no.2: AMO (2010) Prada Lookbook 2010- PRADA- The Spring/ Summer 2010 Lookbook [Online Image]. Available from http://www.prada.com/> [Accessed on 10th March 2010] Image no.3 : Jaslyn Bang (2010) Chanel Spring Summer 2010-Chanel Spring/Summer 2010 Ad campaign [Online Image].4th Jan 2010.Available from http://www.plussixfive.com/2010/01/04/chanel-springsummer-2010-ad-campaign/> [Accessed on 16th March 2010] Image no.4 : Gucci (2010a) Gucci Spring Summer 2010 ad campaign- Ad campaign Spring Summer 10 [Online Image]. Available from http://www.gucci.com/int/campaign/spring-summer/> [Accessed on 8th march 2010]. Image no. 5 : Gucci (2010b) Guccis ‘Forever now ad campaign 2010- ad campaign Forever now [Online Image]. Available from http://www.gucci.com/int/campaign/forever-now/> [Accessedmon 10th March 2010]. Image no. 6: Fashioning.com (2010) Pradas 2010 ad campaign ‘First Spring- Prada menswear first spring by Yang Fudong Spring/Summer 2010 [Online Image]. Available from http://www.fashionising.com/pictures/pPrada-menswear-First-Spring-by-Yang-Fudong-8206-SpringSummer-2010-4886-73781.html> [Accessed on 12th March 2010] Image No. 7: Gucci news (2010) Gucci application for iPhone- Guccinews,gucci app [Online Image]. Available from http://www.gucci.com/us/us-english/gucci-news/iphoneapp/> [Accessed on 12th March 2010] Image No. 8: Mossesgeld (2007) LG designed Prada Phone- The LG Prada phone set tp launch on March 22 [Online Image]. Available from http://www.thesmartpda.com/50226711/the_lg_prada_phone_set_to_launch_on_march_22.php> [Accessed on 12th March 2010]. Image no. 9: WallPaper (2010) Gucci Sloane street, London Store renovated under the Global store design concept -Retail Directory 2009[Online Image ]. Available from http://www.wallpaper.com/directory/retail/2009/gucci/1089> [Accessed on 13th March 2010] Image no.10: Herzog De Muron(2003),Prada Epicentre [online image].Available from http://images.businessweek.com/ss/05/11/new_retail/source/5.htm>[Accessed on 12th March 2010]

Summary of Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers Essay -- Fallen Angels E

Walter Dean Myers wrote the book Fallen Angels. It is about America's experiences in the Vietnam War as told by the main character in the book, Richie Perry. Perry goes through a lot of changes and sees some of his good friends die in battle fighting for a cause that no one could agree upon. The book has 4 other main characters, Lobel, Johnson, Brunner, and Peewee. The book starts off talking about the experiences of Perry while he is serving in Vietnam. His best friend, Peewee becomes instant friends with each other when they meet in the barracks. Peewee helps Perry by standing up for him during several disputes. Peewee and Perry wake up the next morning and find out that they are to go on patrol in order to search out and destroy any VÃ ®et CÃ ´ng soldiers that they encounter. The patrol lasts for a few hours and Peewee and Perry are just about to camp, when a mutual friend of Peewee and Perry drops out of formation for a second and steps on a land mine, killing him instantly. Perry is so upset by this and needs Peewee to help him talk out his feelings of grief for the loss of the friend. Peewee and Perry have a few days to rest, because they have a weekend pass and it grants them 48 hours of freedom. They go to Saigon and have a few drinks and generally have fun, before they have to report back to their unit, which is stationed in the nort hern highlands of South Vietnam. When they return, they are happy that they made good use of their weekend passes in Saigon. The next...

Book Analysis: The Science of Muddling Through

A Summary of: The Science of â€Å"Muddling Through† By Charles E. Lindblom Public Administration Review, Vol. XIX, No. 2 (Spring, 1959), 79-88 I. Introduction This article discusses two different strategies for comparing policies. The first strategy, Lindblom entitles Root, or Rational-Comprehensive Lindblom refers to the second strategy as Branch, or Successive Limited Comparisons. After a brief explanation of the two systems, he goes on to argue the superiority of the Branch system over the more commonly discussed Root system II. RootThe Root approach, or Rational-Comprehensive, is best utilized for more simple problems, according to Lindblom, due to the necessitation of massive intellectual capacities and sources of information. He states that this approach is generally not correct for policy analysis, as time and money are restrictions in these scenarios. He also states that public agencies are effectively instructed not to practice the root method, due to political or le gal constraints Ironically, the common literature tends to preach formalization of this method. This leads to many practitioners acting against the philosophy commonly published.Lindblom lists the characteristics of the Root approach as the following:Clarification of values or objectives distinct from and usually prerequisite to empirical analysis of alternative policies.Policy-formulation is therefore approached through means-end analysis: First, the ends are isolated, then the means to achieve them are sought.The test of a â€Å"good† policy is that it can be shown to be the most appropriate means to desired ends.Analysis is comprehensive; every important relevant factor is taken into account.Theory is often heavily relied upon.As this theory is often discussed, Lindblom assumes it is familiar to the reader and shifts his focus to explaining and clarifying the alternative. Most of the article revolves around the Branch approach, or Successive Limited Comparisons. III. Branc h The Branch Approach, or Successive Limited Comparisons is the approach Lindblom claims most administrators use for their approach to understanding complex problems. Lindblom assigns the following characteristics to the Branch approach:Selection of value goals and empirical analysis of the needed action are not distinct from one another but are closely intertwined. Since means and ends are not distinct, means-end analysis is often inappropriate or limited.The test of a â€Å"good† policy is typically that various analysts find themselves directly agreeing on a policy (without their agreeing that it is the most appropriate means to an agreed objective).Analysis is drastically limited:Important possible outcomes are neglected.Important alternative potential policies are neglected.Important affected values are neglected.A succession of comparisons greatly reduces or eliminates reliance on theory.The Branch approach could be illustrated as continually building out from the curre nt situation, slowly, by small degrees, one step at a time. Lindblom then elaborates on the Branch approach throughout the remainder of the article. a. Intertwining Evaluation and Empirical Analysis In this section, Lindblom explains how the Root method breaks down its handling of objectives and values. He states that clarifying values prior to investigating alternative policies produces several problems. The first problem is that citizens, congressmen, and public administrators frequently disagree on many critical values.Second, even when an administrator opts to choose his own value set for guidance, he often will not know how to rank conflicting criterion. A third problem arises concurrent to the previous two â€Å"Social objectives do not always have the same relative values. † These common problems often lead administrators to ask a question like the following: â€Å"Given the degree to which we are or are not already achieving the values of good public relations, is it worth sacrificing a little speed for a happier clientele, or is it better to risk offending the clientele so hat we can get on with our work? †The answer, of course, varies according to the situation. The particular difficulty with values is the issue with attempting to state marginal objectives in forms other than particular policies. This leaves administrators attempting to choose between policies that offer different marginal combinations of values. Lindblom closes this argument with two summarizing points. First, for complex problems, the Root system is impossible and irrelevant, while the Branch method is possible and relevant.The Branch method is possible because the administrator does not need to attempt to analyze any values except those where the alternative policies differ, and this differentiation is only notable marginally. This drastically reduces the need for collecting information on values or objectives, which keeps the capacity for comparing values within rea son. b. Relations Between Means and Ends Generally, and according to the Root method, decision-making is considered to be a means-ends relationship.The means are to be evaluated and selected depending upon the ends which is selected independently and before choosing the means. But this is difficult unless the values have been agreed upon and are stable at the margin. This relationship between the means and the ends does not exist with the branch method, as both are chosen simultaneously. c. The Test of â€Å"Good† Policy Under the Root method, a decision can be considered correct if it can be shown to attain some specified objective. This objective must be defined beyond just describing the actual decision.If administrators cannot agree on the objectives, the Root method offers no test For the Branch method, the test is agreement on the actual policy, which may be possible even when agreement on values has proven impossible. Different ideologies can agree on different policie s, even if the agreement is based on different reasoning. Lindblom states that â€Å"agreement on policy thus becomes the only practicable test of the policy’s correctness. † The Branch method relies upon agreement whenever possible. d. Non-Comprehensive Analysis It is impossible to take every important aspect of a problem into onsideration unless the problem is very narrowly defined, therefore limiting analysis. Simplification of complex problems is imperative.Lindblom illustrates that under the Root method, simplification is achieved systematically through limitation of policy comparisons to those policies that differ in relatively small degree from policies presently in effect. It is only necessary to study the aspects in which the alternatives and their consequences differ from the current norm. This limitation reduces the alternatives under consideration and simplifies the investigation of each of these alternatives.It only becomes necessary to study the respects in which the proposed alternative and its consequences differ from that norm. i. Relevance as Well as Realism In the west, policy analysts tend to limit their analysis to marginal differences in policies that are chosen to differ incrementally. Democracies tend to change policies incrementally. By simplifying the policy by limiting the focus to slight deviations, the most value is made of available information. â€Å"Non-incremental policy proposals are therefore typically not only politically irrelevant, but also unpredictable. †Another way to simplify analysis is by ignoring important potential consequences of the possible policies, and also ignoring the values associated with those neglected consequences. Even if the exclusions are made at random, the policies may be formulated more intelligently than by attempting to achieve a comprehensiveness which is too extensive. ii. Achieving a Degree of Comprehensiveness The potential for losing important values is present in any o rganization. The benefit of a hypothetical division of labor is that every important value has its own watchdog; these watchdogs can guard their respective interests in two ways.First, they may redress damages done by other agencies. Second, they may anticipate and avoid injury before it happens. In the United States, no part of government attempts comprehensive policy overviews on things such as income distribution, yet a policy evolves. This incremental policy-making pattern fits with the multiple pressure pattern. When this particular type of policy-making model is followed, it is easier for one group to anticipate the moves of another group. It is also easier for these groups to make adjustments for injuries already accomplished.Administrative coordination occurs as each of these agencies adjusts its policies according to the concerns of the other agencies in a fragmented form of decision-making. Branch method exclusions are deliberate and systematic, yet it does not necessarily disregard long-run considerations. Sometimes the only way long-run objectives can be given enough attention is through neglecting the short-term considerations. e. Succession of Comparisons The last element concerns the comparisons. These comparisons proceed in a chronological order. When the policy maker uses a succession of incremental changes, serious lasting mistakes can be avoided.First, he learns from past sequences of policy steps, and gains knowledge of the probable consequences of similar steps. Second, he can avoid big jumps that may require predictions he does not possess the knowledge to adequately make. This is because he never expects his policy to be the final resolution. Third, he is able to test his previous predictions as he slowly moves on to the proceeding steps. Fourth, past errors can be fixed relatively quickly. For policy-making purposes, the analyst need only know the consequences of each of the policy aspects as they differ from the others. iii. Theorists and PractitionersThe Branch system explains why administrators often feel that outside experts are not helpful and would rather work off of gut instinct than following the advice proposed by theorists. Lindblom gives two reasons why theory can have limited applicability in policy-making. First, it is greedy for facts and can be construed only through a great collection of observations. Second, it is generally insufficiently precise for application to a policy process that moves through small changes. Only in restricted areas is economic theory precise enough to become particularly helpful when resolving policy questions. v. Successive Comparison as a System Lindblom concludes that the Branch system is indeed a legitimate system, despite its imperfections.He reminds the reader that the Branch method lacks a built-in safeguard for all relevant values, and it may lead the decision-maker to overlook potential policies simply because they are not suggested. One of the benefits of clarify ing this method is â€Å"the light it throws on the suspicion an administrator sometimes entertains that a consultant or adviser is not speaking relevantly and responsibly when in fact by all ordinary objective evidence he is. While much of organization theory argues the virtues of common values and agreed organizational objectives, for complex problems in which the root method is inapplicable, agencies will want among their own personnel two types of diversification: administrators whose thinking is organized by reference to policy chains other than those familiar to most members of the organization and, even more commonly, administrators whose professional or personal values or interests create diversity of view†¦ so that, even without a single agency, decision-making can be fragmented and parts of the agency can serve as watchdogs for other parts.IV. Conclusion Lindblom’s argument basically attempts to legitimize the decision-making processes that are already frequen tly in use. He points out a gap between the theory advocated by policy academics and the real-world problems faced by decision-makers. He explains how and why the current work-around is legitimate and worthy of acceptance. The Branch method, as he calls it, simply needs to be recognized as having merit. By pointing this out and attempting to define the Branch method and its attributes, he is opening the door for academics to begin theorizing on this method, as well.

What Is the Rainbow Color Order Understanding ROYGBIV

What Is the Rainbow Color Order Understanding ROYGBIV SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve more than likely seen a rainbow aftersome rain on a sunny day. But what are the colors of the rainbow in order? And what causes a rainbow to form? We’ll explain everything you need to know about the rainbow color order, including what ROYGBIV means, why rainbows exist, and whether or not the rainbow order will ever change. What Are the Colors of the Rainbow in Order? Officially, therainbow color order is as follows: Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet This means that every rainbow you see will have these seven colors in this order (from the top of the arc of the rainbow to the bottom of the arc). The easiest way to remember therainbow color order is to use the mnemonic device ROYGBIV, in whicheach letter stands for the first letter of the color names (in other words, R is for red, O is for orange, Y is for yellow, etc.). Most people pronounce ROYGBIV in three syllables, making it sound and look more like the name of someone: Roy G. Biv. Occasionally, you might see ROYGBIV written in reverse as VIBGYOR. I'm willing to bet you can readily envision most, if not all, of these seven colors of the rainbow. But many people get confused about the color indigo and how it differs from blue and violet. Typically, indigo is described as being abouthalfway between blue and violet. Most people seem to agree that indigo is closer to a deep or dark blue than it is a more purple or violet color, but there's still debate even about this! What Is a Rainbow? What Causes One to Form? You now know the rainbow color order, but what exactly causes a rainbow to form? And why does a rainbow contain these seven colors in this order specifically? To answer these questions, we'll go all the way back to English scientist and mathematician Isaac Newton. Newton conducted many experiments with light, which are summarized in his 1704 book Opticks, and discovered that when clear white light passes through a prism, it refracts into different colors in a particular order, or what we know as a rainbow. This means that white light is not actually white but is composed of a humongous spectrum of colors! These colors make up the visible (light) spectrum; it's the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that human eyes can see. All colors in the visible light spectrum travel at different wavelengths, with red having the longest wavelength at around 700 nanometers and violet having the shortest at around 380 nanometers. These wavelengths bend at different angles when passing through a prism, and this is what causes the rainbow color order to look the way it does. Newton is the one who decided to interpret the rainbow order in terms of seven unique colors- ROYGBIV- but the truth is that rainbows consist of more than a million colors, many of which are invisible to the human eye! In addition, some colors, such as pink and brown, are indeed visible to the human eye but do not have their own wavelengths and can only be made when combining certain wavelengths. For example, pink is created by combining red, green, and blue wavelengths. So how is a natural rainbow made- you know, those rainbows we see in the sky? Rainbows form naturally when sunlight passes through water droplets in the sky, causing the light to refract and reflect, typically in the form of an arc. Therefore, your chance of seeing a rainbow will be highest on sunny, rainy days. Rainbows always appear opposite the part of the sky the sun is in, so if you’re trying to look for a rainbow, you'll want to make sure that your back is to the sun. Will the Rainbow Color Order Ever Change? When we talk about the rainbow color order,most peoplethink of ROYGBIV. But as I mentioned above, there are actually a lot more than just seven colors in the rainbow. Newton chose to define the rainbow as consisting of seven colorsbecause he believed the number of colors in a rainbowshould be the same as the number of notes in a musical scale. Clearly, this is a pretty arbitrary (and non-scientific way) to look atthe different colors in a rainbow. Indeed, many people still struggle to distinguish indigo from violet and blue! So while the actual rainbow color order (the visible spectrum) will always be the same, the way we talk about the rainbow color order could change over timedepending on how people view and choose to define colors. Many modern portrayals of the rainbow have just six colors- red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet- opting to leave out indigo entirely. For example, the LGBT rainbow flag goes directly from blue to violet, without indigo. The LGBT rainbow flag at a gay pride parade. So why do we still include indigo in the rainbow color order, especially if so many people think of it as nothing more than a transitional color between blue and violet? Many believe it is merelydue to the desire towant to stick to tradition. Nevertheless,it's certainly possible that future kindergartners will learn about ROYGBV- minusthe I for indigo! What’s Next? Got other questions about science?Check out our guides on the scientific method (coming soon) and how to convert between nanometers and meters (coming soon). Thinking of taking an AP science exam?Then you'll definitely want to sneak a peek at our expert study guides for AP Biology, AP Environmental Science, and AP Chemistry. Want to know how to say things in other languages? Learn 10 essential Japanese greetings and the different ways you can say, "Hello!" in Italian (coming soon).

3 Tips for Writing Your Williams College Supplement

3 Tips for Writing Your Williams College Supplement SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Williams is among the most selective colleges in the country, with an acceptance rate of 15 percent. As part of your Williams application, you’ll need to respond to the Williams writing supplement. In this article, we’ll cover the three questions that make up the Williams writing supplement, offer suggestions for what to write about in your essay, and give you tips for crafting the best essay possible. The Williams Writing Supplement There are three different questions on the Williams writing supplement. You need to respond to one of them as part of your application. 1. At Williams we believe that bringing together students and professors in small groups produces extraordinary academic outcomes. Our distinctive Oxford-style tutorial classes- in which two students are guided by a professor in deep exploration of a single topic- are a prime example. Each week the students take turns developing independent work- an essay, a problem set, a piece of art- and critiquing their partner’s work. Focused on close reading, writing and oral defense of ideas, more than 60 tutorials a year are offered across the curriculum, with titles like Aesthetic Outrage, Financial Crises: Causes and Cures, and Genome Sciences: At the Cutting Edge. Imagine yourself in a tutorial at Williams. Of anyone in the world, whom would you choose to be your partner in the class, and why? 2. Each Sunday night, in a tradition called Storytime, students, faculty and staff gather to hear a fellow community member relate a brief story from their life (and to munch on the storyteller’s favorite homemade cookies). What story would you share? What lessons have you drawn from that story, and how would those lessons inform your time at Williams? 3. Every first-year student at Williams lives in an Entry- a thoughtfully constructed microcosm of the student community that’s a defining part of the Williams experience. From the moment they arrive, students find themselves in what’s likely the most diverse collection of backgrounds, perspectives and interests they’ve ever encountered. What might differentiate you from the 19 other first-year students in an entry? What perspective(s) would you add to the conversation with your peers? Each question has the same instructions: respond to the prompt in 300 words or fewer. Writing the Williams writing supplement is optional, so you can choose whether you want to answer a question or not. Should I Write an Essay for the Williams Writing Supplement? When you’re working on your Williams College application, you might notice that the Williams Writing Supplement is entirely optional. So should you write an essay? Or skip it altogether? It would be a huge mistake to not write the Williams College supplement. While the instructions do say optional, the statement isn’t really optional. Choosing not to write an essay will make you look like you don’t care that much about being accepted to Williams. Along the same lines, your Williams writing supplement is a great way to show the admissions committee aspects of your personality that aren’t highlighted in the rest of your application. Take that opportunity! Show the admissions committee why you belong on Williams’ campus. What Should I Write About in My Williams College Supplement? Let’s take a look at each of the Williams College supplement questions and discuss what you could write about in each. At Williams we believe that bringing together students and professors in small groups produces extraordinary academic outcomes. Our distinctive Oxford-style tutorial classes- in which two students are guided by a professor in deep exploration of a single topic- are a prime example. Each week the students take turns developing independent work- an essay, a problem set, a piece of art- and critiquing their partner’s work. Focused on close reading, writing and oral defense of ideas, more than 60 tutorials a year are offered across the curriculum, with titles like Aesthetic Outrage, Financial Crises: Causes and Cures, and Genome Sciences: At the Cutting Edge. Imagine yourself in a tutorial at Williams. Of anyone in the world, whom would you choose to be your partner in the class, and why? While it may seem like there are endless ways to answer this question, there are really only two real options: you can pick someone you know personally or you can pick someone you’ve never met, but have always wanted to. Whichever direction you go in, you should make sure to have a specific reason for choosing that person. If you pick someone you know personally, you can use this essay as an opportunity to talk about experiences you’ve had that have greatly affected you. You could, for instance, choose someone you met on a service trip who taught you about hard work or the director of a musical that you participated in that taught you a lot about self confidence. In either of these examples, you’ll be able to talk not only about the influential figure, but about an important part of your life (the service trip or the musical). If you decide to go the celebrity or famous person route, you should make sure to have a real reason why you want to meet that person - a reason that reflects how they influence you. Love isn’t the same as influence - you can love a celebrity but that doesn’t mean they’ve had a huge impact on your life. It’s fine to pick Chrissy Teigen, but only if you talk about how you’d really like her help dissecting a tutorial on social media. If you’re struggling to pick a person, it can be helpful to come up with a tutorial topic that you’d like to participate in first. Having parameters like class topic can be useful for giving you ideas for how to answer the question. Each Sunday night, in a tradition called Storytime, students, faculty and staff gather to hear a fellow community member relate a brief story from their life (and to munch on the storyteller’s favorite homemade cookies). What story would you share? What lessons have you drawn from that story, and how would those lessons inform your time at Williams? While this prompt talks a Williams-specific tradition, Storytime, the question itself is a common one in admissions essays: sharing about a time when you learned an important lesson. To master this prompt, you need to pick a specific experience. It doesn’t need to be earth-shattering or impressive, but it does need to have real significance in your life. You should pick an authentic experience that you actually had - don’t make something up or exaggerate to try to seem more important. Your essay should have a clear narrative arc with a beginning, middle, and end. Make sure to include your takeaways and reflections in the end of the response. Every first-year student at Williams lives in an Entry- a thoughtfully constructed microcosm of the student community that’s a defining part of the Williams experience. From the moment they arrive, students find themselves in what’s likely the most diverse collection of backgrounds, perspectives and interests they’ve ever encountered. What might differentiate you from the 19 other first-year students in an entry? What perspective(s) would you add to the conversation with your peers? This Williams College supplement prompt gives you an opportunity to share more about what makes you unique. Don’t fall into the trap, though, of sharing too much! Pick one specific trait or identity to talk about. You don’t need to talk about every single thing you’ve ever done or liked. In your essay, be sure to talk about how the trait or identity you chose has affected your perspective. Maybe being introverted has let you observe more about other people. Maybe being a member of the LGBTQ+ community has taught you about the importance of respecting others’ differences. Whatever you choose, make sure to fully flesh out how and why that trait has affected your perspective and why that perspective would be valuable to the Williams community. Tips for Writing a Strong Williams College Supplement Essay Writing a strong Williams College supplement essay isn’t just about picking the right prompt to answer. You need to make sure your essay is the best possible example of your work in order to wow the admissions committee. Follow these three tips for writing an amazing Williams supplement essay. #1: Be Authentic The point of a college essay is for the admissions committee to have the chance to get to know you beyond your test scores, grades, and honors. Your admissions essays are your opportunity to make yourself come alive for the essay readers and to present yourself as a fully fleshed out person. You should, then, make sure that the person you’re presenting in your college essays is yourself. Don’t try to emulate what you think the committee wants to hear or try to act like someone you’re not. If you lie or exaggerate, your essay will come across as insincere, which will diminish its effectiveness. Stick to telling real stories about the person you really are, not who you think Williams wants you to be. #2: Play With Form The Williams College supplement essays leave a lot of room open for creative expression - use that! You don’t need to stick to a five paragraph essay structure here. You can play with the length and style of your sentences - you could even dabble in poetry if that makes sense! Whichever form you pick, make sure it fits with the story you’re trying to tell and how you want to express yourself. #3: Proofread and Polish Your Essay Your Williams essay should be the strongest example of your work possible. Before you turn in your application, make sure to edit and proofread your essays. Your work should be free of spelling and grammar errors. Make sure to run your essays through a spelling and grammar check before you submit. It’s a good idea to have someone else read your Williams College supplement essay, too. You can seek a second opinion on your work from a parent, teacher, or friend. Ask them whether your work represents you as a student and person. Have them check and make sure you haven’t missed any small writing errors. Having a second opinion will help your work be the best it possibly can be. Final Thoughts While the Williams College supplement says it’s optional, it’s not really! You should answer the essay as part of your application. When writing your Williams College supplement response, DO: Be authentic and true to yourself. Tell stories that are meaningful to your identity and experience. DON’T: Lie or exaggerate to seem more important. Forget to proofread or polish your essay. What’s Next? Wondering how to ace the Common Application? No problem! We’ve got you covered with tips and tricks to make your application stand out from the crowd. Starting your essay is often the hardest part.If you're unsure where to begin, check out this guide to starting a college essay perfectly, and don't be afraid to just dive right in! If you're applying to Williams College, you're likely applying to other colleges on the East Coast, too. Check out our expert guides to the Duke essay, the Tufts essays, and the Harvard essay. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

Providing 20% of energy from renewable sources for the Potsdam,Berlin Essay

Providing 20% of energy from renewable sources for the Potsdam,Berlin Germany Project - Essay Example The endeavor to provide a percentage of the energy from renewable sources can be triumphant by putting in place, blueprint parameters that require a reduced amount of energy use. Background information The aims of designing buildings that are thermally insulated is basically maintain a contented and sanitized room temperature especially during low temperatures . Fortification against damages from cases of thermal brunt or moisture linked damage which requires very little thermal padding. Energy preservation is the principal intention for thermal insulation as it reduces heating hassle more so during winter thus the environment is also protected. Appropriate solutions or scenarios for the project Contemplation of this aims in Potsdam’s new buildings is necessary and besides renovating the aged structures to be more energy efficient. To enable the accomplishment of this aims, building materials used should be of stumpy thermal conductivity and the windows put in place of small U -values on the elevation and off-putting thermal bridges and unrestrained infiltration on the other face. In addition to declared rationale, thermal insulation offers a key responsibility, avoiding overheating of edifice during summer by minimizing the transmission of radiation from the sun, engrossed on the building’s peripheral surface, to the building’s interior. ... The altitude of the sun remains low during wintry weather as it rises in the southeast to southwest where as in summer it reaches a higher altitude. To reduce overheating during summer the roof and the west and east wall is designed with minimal glazing since the sun comes out and sets more to the north of east than west (Blij & Muller 2004). To trim down unswerving sunrays on windows to the south, the constructions can be premeditated with roof overhang on the south. This reduces heating anxiety during winter and at the same time plummeting cooling needs during summer thus minimizing energy utilization. The construction resources should also take into deliberation the thermal gathering as a constituent of solar heating. Overheating ought to be abridged throughout the day by using materials with aptitude of captivating heat during the day and releasing heat at night to circumvent temperature drop. Construction parameters of the building envelop should take into concern air tightness and leakage dealings. These can be done via blower doors technology and the principles can be used in air flow and infiltration connected modeling. Building envelop standards ought to be such that there is negligible heat trouncing due to air leakages as this would trim down energy efficiency while abode heating in winter. Conversely, during summer warm air inflow increases cooling anxiety thus more energy use (Craddock 2008). To ensure energy proficient abode, structures in both new-fangled and old Potsdam should be ventilated mechanically so as to maintain indoor air quality. Systems of whole-house aeration using mechanical means include: exhaust, balanced, supply and heat recovery. System choice depends on climate, skilled personnel availability,

Task Motivated Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Task Motivated Leadership - Assignment Example According to Kinicki & Kreitner (2011), the concept of task motivated leadership approach usually emphasizes the organizational roles and responsibilities. This assumption also ensures the proper structure of an organization, which can ensure minimization of the problems being faced within an organization. The task motivated leadership approach usually applies in order to reduce the degree of uncertainty in a particular society. This approach also provides a significant direction with clarity, helping an organization to establish identification in a meaningful manner. The task motivated leadership approach is correspondingly used to establish distinctive properties with the coordination of several small parts in the short-run by organizations. Contextually, it has been identified that several mutual interactions usually involve in a systematic approach, following the Task motivated leadership style, in order to accomplish the objective of an organization (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2011). The other leadership style described by Kinicki & Kreitner (2011), i.e. the relationship-motivation leadership approach, usually concentrates on the sustainability needs of an organization more than the task-oriented profitability needs. Based on the sustainability notion, this approach pays due significance towards sufficing the requirement of the employees in an organization. Leaders following this particular leadership style are observed to be much concerned about preserving employee satisfaction, considering the value based notion that employees are the most critical resources of the organization. The relationship-motivation leadership approach herewith focuses on the aspects of power distribution within an organization.